Difference Between Sales Tax and VAT

Hundreds of sale transactions occur every moment around the world, on which the price of tax is inclusive which we never recognize. The tax charged on the sales can either be Sales Tax or VAT. The latter is an extension over the former and it is brought by the Government to fulfill the loopholes of the Sales Tax. Sales Tax is imposed by both Central and State Government while only the State Government has the right to levy Value Added Tax (VAT) on sale of goods.

Many people are still not known about the difference between Sales Tax and VAT. Here, in this article we are going to distinguish the two consumption tax along with their meanings.

Content: Sales Tax Vs VAT

1. Comparison Chart
2. Definition
3. Key Differences
4. Conclusion

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR COMPARISON	SALES TAX	VAT
Meaning	Tax charged on the total value of the commodity, when the sale takes place is known as Sales Tax.	VAT is a tax charged at each level of the production and distribution chain whenever the value is added to the product.
Nature	Single point tax	Multi point tax
Tax Evasion	Can be possible	Cannot be possible
Cascading effect	Yes	No
Levied on	Total Value	Value Added
Account maintenance	Requires less effort because it is simple and easy to calculate.	Proper accounts should be maintained as it is comprehensive and complex to calculate.
Tax Burden	Falls on the consumer	Rationalized.
Input Tax Credit	Unavailable	Available
Area	Applies to the whole country.	Applies within the jurisdiction of the state.

Definition of Sales Tax

The type of indirect tax levied by the Central or State Government on the sale or purchase of merchandise is known as Sales Tax. The tax is applicable in the whole country.

It is an indirect tax because the tax burden falls on the consumer, but the responsibility to recover it, from the consumer and submit the collected tax to the tax authorities falls on the retailer or seller of the goods. Central Sales Tax is levied by the Government of India on interstate sales, whereas the State Government imposes sales tax on intrastate sales. However, many states have adopted their own Sales tax Act (VAT Act) on which tax is charged on the commodities at various rates.

There are many commodities which are still beyond the range of Sales Tax and that is why they are exempt from tax. In India, the tax is charged more on luxury goods or items of high cost or whose consumption is not good for health and the tax is charged less on necessities.

Definition of VAT

The tax, which is charged on the value addition to the commodity by each party is known as VAT. In other words, it is the difference between total output tax and total input tax. Here input tax refers to a tax on inputs, i.e. local purchases made from a registered dealer whereas output tax means a tax on outputs i.e. tax on sales made within the state.

VAT is an acronym used for Value Added Tax. It is a multilevel tax, which is charged when the transaction takes place in every single point of production and distribution. It is a destination based tax.

VAT is a consumption tax because the ultimate burden of the tax is borne by the final end consumer. It is also a type of indirect tax as the tax bearer is the consumer while the tax payer is the seller of goods. There are three variants of VAT: Gross Product Variant, Income Variant and Consumption Variant. Consumption Variant is the most widely used variant across the world. The methods of calculation of VAT are:

• Addition method
• Invoice method
• Subtraction method

Key Differences Between Sales Tax and VAT

The following are the major differences between Sales Tax and VAT:

1. Sales Tax is a tax on sales. Value Added Tax is a tax on value addition done by each party of the supply chain like supplier, producer, wholesaler, distributor or retailer, etc.
2. Sales Tax is a single-stage tax, but VAT is a multi-stage tax.
3. In VAT, the chances of tax evasion are very less as compared to Sales Tax in which evasion of tax can be done easily.
4. Double taxation is always there in case of Sales tax, whereas VAT is totally free from cascading effect.
5. The sales tax is levied on total value, but in VAT tax is charged only on the value added to the commodity.
6. Sales Tax is easy to calculate while VAT calculation requires time and effort.
7. In Sales Tax, the tax burden is borne by the consumer. On the other hand, the tax burden is rationalized.
8. Input Tax Credit (ITC) is available in VAT but not in Sales Tax.
9. The authority of levying sales tax is in the hands of both Central Government and State Government, but VAT is levied by the State Government only.

Conclusion

In India, VAT was introduced for the first time in the year 1986 as MODVAT i.e. Modified Value Added Tax but because of some shortcomings, Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT) was brought by the Government in 2000. Haryana became the pioneer in adoption of VAT system for the first time among all states of the country. Thereafter, some other states followed the foot steps of Haryana and opted to apply VAT. At present, VAT is applicable to all the states in the country.

From past few years, Sales tax is suffering from some controversies like it lacks transparency and double taxation which is the very reason for tax evasion. That is why, Sales Tax has been replaced by VAT.