What is Car Jack

CAR JACK

• The most common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack, which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be performed. 
• Jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for example, 1.5 tons or 3 tons).

Earth's Atmospheric Layers

Troposphere

The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8 to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles). This part of the atmosphere is the most dense. Almost all weather is in this region.

Stratosphere

The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation, is in this layer.

                     

Mesosphere

The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. Meteors burn up in this layer

Thermosphere

The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (372 miles) high. Aurora and satellites occur in this layer.

Ionosphere

The ionosphere is an abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that stretches from about 48 kilometers (30 miles) above the surface to the edge of space at about 965 km (600 mi), overlapping into the mesosphere and thermosphere. This dynamic region grows and shrinks based on solar conditions and divides further into the sub-regions: D, E and F; based on what wavelength of solar radiation is absorbed. The ionosphere is a critical link in the chain of Sun-Earth interactions. This region is what makes radio communications possible.

Exosphere

This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi).

What is Fiscal Year in India

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What is Financial Year, Fiscal Year & Assessment Year in India

• The Balance Sheet and Income statement of companies across the Globe are usually prepared for a period of 1 year. However, the date from which this period starts varies from country to country.
• In India, this 1 year period starts from 1^st April and ends on 31^st March. This period in which the income is earned is known as the Financial Year or Fiscal Year. The income tax returns are filed and taxes for a company are usually paid in the next year after the end of the Financial Year. This next year in which the income is assessed to tax is called as the Assessment Year.
• So in case the accounts are being prepared for the year starting 1^st April 2013 and ending on 31^st March 2014, this period would be called Financial Year 2013-14. And this income would be assessed to tax in the next year and this period would be called as Assessment Year 2014-15.
• The due date for filing income tax returns for a financial year is 31^st July/30^th Sept of the Assessment Year. Therefore if the income tax returns are being filed for the financial year 2013-14, the due date for filing the income tax returns would be 31^st July 2014/30^th Sept 2014 as the case may be.

• Recommended Read: Procedure for filing your Income Tax Returns
• In simple terms, Financial Year is the year in which the income is earned and assessment year is the year in which the income is assessed to tax and all taxes are paid & tax returns filed. The income tax rules and slab rates which are applied for the assessment year 2014-15 would be the same as the rules for the financial year 2013-14 and so on.
• Recommended Read: Income Tax Slab Rate
• The financial year is usually denoted as F/Y and assessment year is denoted as A/Y. As the financial year is the year which is previous to the assessment year, the financial year is sometimes also called Previous Year for Income Tax purposes.

Examples of Assessment Year

This concept of Financial Year and Assessment Year can be explained with the help of the following examples:-

Year starts from	Year ends on	Financial Year/ Fiscal Year/ Previous Year	Assessment Year
1st April 2012	31st March 2013	2012-13	2013-14
1st April 2013	31st March 2014	2013-14	2014-15
1st April 2014	31st March 2015	2014-15	2015-16
1st April 2015	31st March 2016	2015-16	2016-17
1st April 2016	31st March 2017	2016-17	2017-18

To remove the confusion created by the Financial Year and Assessment Year, the new direct tax code has proposed to remove the concept of assessment year which would help simplify the understanding of taxes for the common man. However, the direct tax code is still a proposal and has not been implemented.

Financial Year being followed across the Globe

In India, the 12 month financial year period starts from 1^st April and ends on 31^st March. However, this is not the case with all the countries and many countries consider a different period of 12 months for the purpose of computation of financial year.
It is not only in the India that the financial year does not start on 1^st Jan. Different countries start their F/Y during different parts of the year.
Refer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year#Chart_of_various_fiscal_years

Why does financial year in India start from 1^st April and not 1^st Jan

Although the exact reason for why the Financial Year starts from 1^st April and not 1^st Jan is unknown, the following are popularly expected to be the reasons for starting the year from 1^st April:-

1. India was ruled by the Britishers for more than 150 years. And in the UK, the financial year starts from 1^st April and not 1^st Jan. And therefore, the same concept may have been applied to India as well by the Britishers and after Independence; the Indian Govt didn’t change this.
2. In the many regional calenders like the Hindu calendar etc, the New Year starts in the month of April and this may be a reason why the govt also thought of starting the financial year in the month of April itself. Moreover, the crop season in India also starts in April and ends in March.
3. Another reason may be that the months of November and December are considered as Festival Season due to the presence of many festivals like Diwali, Christmas etc. The Inventory is very fast moving during this period and it would have been difficult to close the books of accounts during this period. Moreover, employees of many organisations are also on a vacation during this period and it gets difficult to close the books during this period.

The above are reasons are just speculations for the reason why Financial Year starts from 1st April. There is no formal and confirmed reason for the same till date.

   

Convex Lens Vs Concave Lens

What is a Lens

• A lens is a transparent object that transmits light across it, and its working principle depends on the law of refraction (Snell’s law).

Applications:

1. Concave Lens help with Far-Sight
2. Convex Lens help with Near-Sight

Concave Mirror Vs Convex Mirror

 What is a Mirror

A mirror is most often made with a highly polished surface of a metal, placed behind a glass. A mirror works by reflecting light that falls on it according to the law of reflection. 

CONVEX MIRROR

CONCAVE MIRROR

HINT : CONCAVE,It looks like a cave

Lunar and Solar Eclipse

What Is an Eclipse?

• An eclipse takes place when one heavenly body such as a moon or planet moves into the shadow of another heavenly body. 
• There are two types of eclipses on Earth: 

1. An eclipse of the moon(Lunar Eclipse) and 
2. An eclipse of the sun(Solar Eclipse)

What Is a Lunar Eclipse?

• Sometimes Earth moves between the sun and the moon. When this happens, Earth blocks the sunlight that normally is reflected by the moon. (This sunlight is what causes the moon to shine.) Instead of light hitting the moon’s surface, Earth's shadow falls on it. This is an eclipse of the moon -- a lunar eclipse.
•  A lunar eclipse can occur only when the moon is full.
• A lunar eclipse can be seen from Earth at night. There are two types of lunar eclipses: total lunar eclipses and partial lunar eclipses.
• A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon and the sun are on exact opposite sides of Earth. Although the moon is in Earth's shadow, some sunlight reaches the moon. The sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere, which causes Earth’s atmosphere to filter out most of the blue light. This makes the moon appear red to people on Earth.
• A partial lunar eclipse happens when only a part of the moon enters Earth's shadow. In a partial eclipse, Earth's shadow appears very dark on the side of the moon facing Earth. What people see from Earth during a partial lunar eclipse depends on how the sun, Earth and moon are lined up.
• A lunar eclipse usually lasts for a few hours. At least two partial lunar eclipses happen every year, but total lunar eclipses are rare. It is safe to look at a lunar eclipse.

 Various stages of Lunar Eclipse

                                      

What Is a Solar Eclipse?

• Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and Earth.When this happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching Earth. This causes an eclipse of the sun, or solar eclipse. During a solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow onto Earth.
• There are three types of solar eclipses.

1. Total solar eclipse. A total solar eclipse is only visible from a small area on Earth. The people who see the total eclipse are in the center of the moon’s shadow when it hits Earth. The sky becomes very dark, as if it were night. For a total eclipse to take place, the sun, moon and Earth must be in a direct line.
2. Partial solar eclipse. This happens when the sun, moon and Earth are not exactly lined up. The sun appears to have a dark shadow on only a small part of its surface.
3. Annular solar eclipse. An annular eclipse happens when the moon is farthest from Earth. Because the moon is farther away from Earth, it seems smaller. It does not block the entire view of the sun. The moon in front of the sun looks like a dark disk on top of a larger sun-colored disk. This creates what looks like a ring around the moon.

• During a solar eclipse, the moon casts two shadows on Earth. The first shadow is called the umbra (UM bruh). This shadow gets smaller as it reaches Earth. It is the dark center of the moon’s shadow. The second shadow is called the penumbra (pe NUM bruh). The penumbra gets larger as it reaches Earth. People standing in the penumbra will see a partial eclipse. People standing in the umbra will see a total eclipse.

• Solar eclipses happen once every 18 months. Unlike lunar eclipses, solar eclipses only last for a few minutes.
• NEVER look directly at the sun: It can permanently damage your eyes! You must use proper safety equipment to look at any type of solar eclipse.

      

Comparison chart

 

Lunar Eclipse versus Solar Eclipse comparison chart

	Lunar Eclipse	Solar Eclipse
Health risk	Safe to look at moon during eclipse	Retina gets damaged if Sun seen directly with a naked eye
Position of Earth and Moon	Earth lies between the Sun and Moon	Moon lies between Sun and Earth
Types	Penumbral, partial, total or horizontal	Total, annular, hybrid, partial
Occurrence	At night	During day time
Frequency of occurrence	Twice a year or more	A few every year, total being less frequent
Visibility	Moon completely obscured, visible partially or in an orangish hue –visible from all night time places	Sun gets blocked by moon – eclipse visible only in some areas
Duration	A few hours	Usually a few minutes

What is Potential and Kinetic Energy

• Kinetic energy is energy possessed by a body by virtue(Behaviour) of its movement.
• Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or state. 
• While kinetic energy of an object is relative to the state of other objects in its environment, potential energy is completely independent of its environment.

• Stored energy is called ‘potential energy’ and moving energy is called ‘kinetic energy’.

EXAMPLES

Check whether the Egg is Good or Bad

    

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